The most common definition of jidoka is “autonomation”. It is of Japanese origin, as are many specialized terms in Lean. The term traces its roots back to the early 1900’s at Toyota in Japan, then a textile manufacturing company. Sakichi Toyoda, an inventor and the founder of Toyota, developed a device that could detect broken threads in a loom and stop the machine from producing defective material. This concept, in which intelligence was added to machines, enabled companies to greatly increase the number of machines a single operator could run, with very little extra effort on the worker’s part! With jidoka, production becomes much easier for operators and much more profitable for companies.

Toyoda Automated Loom

The definition of jidoka mentioned above, autonomation, is essentially automation with a human touch. But it has also come to mean more than that. It is about stopping whenever an abnormal condition is detected, fixing the defect, and then countermeasuring to prevent further occurrences. Many jidoka devices are combined with an andon light or signaling device to alert the operator to an abnormal condition. The purpose of autonomation is to separate people from machines, so an operator can do other tasks while the machine runs.

Companies often emulate Toyota and depict their production system as a “Lean house”. As a testament to its importance and prominence in Lean companies, Jidoka is frequently depicted as one of its pillars. The other common pillar, JIT (just-in-time) manufacturing, and jidoka work together to create manufacturing excellence.

Many automated machines today have jidoka built in. They stop when something goes wrong—a bit breaks, for example. Most of us even have a good example of this in our homes. Washing machines shut off if they become unbalanced or if the lid is opened.

Manual processes have much less of this built in. People often have a hard time detecting an abnormality. Imagine if you had to stay near your washing machine to listen for the signs of imbalance. You’d be extremely limited in what you could do, and your time would be wasted.

Jidoka reduces the need to be continuously near a machine.

The Basic Steps of Jidoka

The machine detects the abnormal condition.
The machine stops itself.
Implement a stopgap.
Resume production.
Identify the root cause.
Quickly implement a permanent fix.

The steps of jidoka require more than just detecting abnormal conditions and stopping production, though. It also needs you to implement both a stopgap to get production moving again and a permanent solution to prevent future occurrences.

Taiichi Ohno is credited with the following quote regarding these requirements:

“No problem discovered when stopping the line should wait longer than tomorrow morning to be fixed.”

Taiichi Ohno

Simply put, every problem you identify is an opportunity to improve. Don’t squander those opportunities through inactivity.

Jidoka Risks During Implementation

Jidoka is the less emphasized of the two pillars of the Lean House. Most people can recognize the immediate benefit of improving flow and reducing inventory. Jidoka requires a much larger mental shift in how companies operate because it gives frontline employees the power to both stop production and implement solutions.
Some Lean practitioners are fairly liberal in their definition of jidoka. Most interpretations focus on abnormal conditions. A few practitioners even consider the process of automatically shutting off after production is complete as a form of autonomation. Others might overlap the response process regardless of whether a machine or a human identifies a problem. While it can be a bit confusing, don’t spend too much time on it. Just make sure that the definition within your company is clear.

**Why is Jidoka Hard?**

The real challenge to jidoka is not in finding a problem or even stopping a machine. It is in what happens next. An all-too-common response is that a well-designed machine stops when a problem occurs, but the operator simply clears the issue and restarts it. It is surprising how often I have heard something similar to, “That happens all the time,” when a machine stops due to a problem.

The key to success in continuous improvement is this:

Quickly and relentlessly fix the problems you discover.

I’ll say it again. Fix the problems you discover, now. Far too often, leaders focus on the big gains and devote their continuous improvement efforts to big projects when there are many, many small issues that need fixing.

This fix generally comes in two steps. The first is the stopgap. You will need to implement an inspection step or a test station immediately to prevent defects from escaping. You won’t always be able to solve the problem immediately, but you can get the line back up and running after a problem is discovered.

The second step is the more refined problem-solving approach. This entails root cause analysis to determine the exact origin of the problem and implement a permanent solution to prevent any future recurrence. This step requires discipline. You have to instill the attitude that it is not OK to allow a problem to recur.

It is your responsibility to provide the resources to make the fixes, though. You can’t expect teams to fix problems if they are unable to break away from production work when necessary. In addition to resources, you also have to make sure your team has the skills to do the things you are asking of them.